The Biopsychosocial Perspective Of Breast Cancer.For The

The Biopsychosocial Perspective of Breast Cancer For the majority of time, the biomedical model has been the main focus on many health factors and diseases, including cancer. Recently, psychologists have been able to prove the psychological and social components of disease. This has forced Doctors, who once relied solely on the biological factors of disease to take a more holistic approach. To help demonstrate the biopsychosocial model of cancer, I will be focusing on breast cancer and it’s risk factors. I will be discussing the effects of race/ethnicity, stress, and genetic factors on the occurrence and recovery of people who suffer from breast cancer. Stress has long been perceived as a social factor that contributes to†¦show more content†¦In Summation, there were 373,563 women identified to meet the criteria of invasive breast cancer and used in the study that consisted of 268,675 non-Hispanic white; 34928, Hispanic white; 38751, black; 25211, Asian; and 5998, oth er ethnicities (Iqbal, Ginsburg Rochon, 2015). The results of the study concluded that black women were more likely to be diagnosed beyond stage I and to die from cancer during the time period of the study when compared with non-Hispanic white and Asian Women. Socioeconomic status, access to health care and adherence to cancer treatment all played significant roles in the survival rates in patients (Iqbal, Ginsburg Rochon, 2015). Hispanic women tended to be diagnosed after stage I due to lack of cancer awareness among the ethnicity. Dietary factors associated with ethnicity also seemed to play a role in the less aggressive breast cancers and higher host response exhibited in Asian women. Statistically Hispanic white populations eat a diet much richer in fats and sugars than those of Asian descent. This has proved detrimental in the survival rates of breast cancer, as a body mass index of 40 or higher, was associated with an increased risk of mortality in Hispanic breast cancer suf ferers (Iqbal, Ginsburg Rochon, 2015). While there are several biological factors that have the ability to lead to cancer, genetics is the most currently researched. A study done by Bharaj, Scorilas, Giai and

Human Animals Should Not Be Banned - 1639 Words

If you had the choice to live or die which would you choose? If you had the alternative to live in a cage or in a house which would you select? If you had the option to have experiments that caused you pain performed on you would you? The truth is that most of us would rather live, reside in a house and would not be a part of an experiment that caused us pain. However, most people accept the elements of the above conditions for non-human animals. Non-human animals should not be a part of destruction, pain, incarceration and underprivileged conditions that are caused by humans, yet they are. Letting non-human animals have rights has been an issue since before the 1800s and the issue still exist today. Now in today’s society, researchers have come up with alternative ideas rather than using animals for testing; many household and beauty products are becoming cruelty free as well. Animals have been being used as test subjects for centuries. In the 1600s, William Harvey used sheep to observe and study the blood circulartory system. In the following years, Stephen Hales demonstrated blood pressure measurements by using a horse and Antoine Lavoisier used a guinea pig to prove that respiration is a form of combustion (Early Animal Research). Perhaps one of the most well-known experiments was done in the late 1800s to early 1900s by Ivan Pavlov; he used dogs in his testing. His experiment is known as classical conditioning, he was looking at the dog’s salivation in response toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals are sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreSave Animals. Say No to Animal Testing!1390 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative essay: Save animals. Say no to animal testing! Nowadays, it is a well-known fact that many companies test their products like cosmetics and medicines with animals before production to check their products ’safety and quality. A huge amount of animals are used in research purpose every year. Is it right for human beings to sacrifice millions of animals for testing purpose? Should animal testing be banned? Animal testing is a controversial issue and there is a heated debated about prosRead MoreAnimal Testing And The Scientific Field1305 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific field, people find that the richest discoveries in health or medicine generally depend on animal testing. According to Animal Testing in the History of Anesthesia: Now and Then, Some Stories, Some Facts, the writer says, â€Å"There are many interesting anecdotes, [†¦] about how dogs have been loved, named and tested by many anesthesiologists, [†¦]. However, the contribution of experiments on animals such as rabbit, monkey, mice, guinea pigs etc., a lso played a significant role in the evolutionRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreHow Do The Contributions Of Animal Testing To Global Medical1309 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions of animal testing to global medical science justify whether or not it should be banned? According to the Humane Society International (HSI), animal testing or animal experimentation for medical research refers to the experimentation on live animals for the purposes of investigation on diseases, medical treatments, or fundamental biology. Charles Gross, a former member of the History of Neuroscience committee of the global Society for Neuroscience, states that animals were used for improvingRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesEach year, millions of animals are used to test how safe and effective products, such as cosmetics, are. They are genetically modified, force-fed harmful chemicals, blinded, scalded, and maimed. How could one not object to this awful cruelty? Animal testing should be banned because it is cruel, unnecessary, inaccurate, and expensive. The very first reason why animal testing should be banned is elementary: it is cruel and unnecessary. Approximately 17-22 million animals are used for testing eachRead MoreShould Animals Be Used for Research in the Cosmetic Industry?533 Words   |  3 PagesShould animals be used for research in cosmetic industry? Animal testing is widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. These experiments can cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. Animal experimenters are aware of this problem and agree that the testing should be made as humane as possible. While this practice has been followed for years now, some people still strongly believe that it is a cruel act and should be permanentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Must Be Banned Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesmonoxide! Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests. Animals should not be guinea pigs. Animals still feel the pain when they are injected with medicine just like humans. Humans can defend themselves and stop the pain, but the animals get strapped down and cannot move. It is better to have tests run on animals because animals will help find cures faster. Animal testing must be banned for unnecessary tests because a lot of animals are dying for no reason. Ninety-four percent of animal testingRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Testing857 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to animal testing. A considerable amount of people believe that examinations should be banned, others think it should be continued. According to NCBI, animals have been utilized repeatedly since 384 BC. This disagreement has been debated since before the 1920’s and is still continuing. The main opposing point of animal examinations, is the extent of the experiment used on the animal. But, if scientists did not take part in animal testing, humans safety would be in danger. Although animals shouldRead MorePeta Advertisement : An Analysis Of Pamela Andersons Body Organs?881 Words   |  4 Pagesdiagram of her body parts. The company Peta promoted there go meat diet for non-vegetarians to go vegetarian. The advisement shows the women as if she is an animal with labels of different cuts of meat on her body parts. The advisement is unacceptable because of the labeling on her body like she an animal, the statement Peta made saying † All animals have the same parts†, and Pamela Anderson is being a sex symbol to males to promote the meat free diet. When looking at the diagram of a cow you can see

Impact Of Climate Change On The Environment - 1338 Words

Introduction: Climate change is an issue that is currently threatening the entire world, it is occurring as a result of human activity intensifying the greenhouse effect and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, resulting in negative changes to the global climate (Lohmann, 2002). Tourism is particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change as the climate influences the appeal, attractiveness and suitability of a destination (Rutty Scott, 2014). Moore (2010) states that the impact of the climate can be physical, physiological and psychological, and it also threatens economic, environmental and social sustainability (Moreno Becken, 2009). Coastal tourism is the largest component of the global tourism industry with hundreds of millions of people visiting coasts and participating in marine activities (Moreno Becken, 2009). More than 60% of Europeans choose beach holidays and 80% of US tourism revenue is generated by beach tourism (IPCC, 2014). Coastal tourism is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and faces more serious challenges than inland operations (Hyman, 2014). The following report will discuss the potential impacts climate change will have on beach resorts; including extreme weather and global temperature rise, sea level rise and coastal erosion, coral bleaching, an increase in natural disasters AND MORE. Rising Sea Levels Coastal Erosion: Rising sea levels as a result of the widespread melting ofShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1652 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity is one of many areas impacted by climate change. Species and ecosystem modeling has shown that there are potential changes that can occur certain key biodiversity sectors (McMahon et al., 2011). Researchers have created analysis on how changes in climate and levels of CO2 can impact different structures of vegetation and their function, including productivity in growth (Scheiter Higgins, 2008), ecosystem-based adaptation approaches and conservation plans (Cowling Egoh, 2007). ThereRead MoreClimate Change And Its Impacts On The Environment935 Words   |  4 Pagesterms of the environment. There are numerous factors that contribute to the deterioration of the earth and one significant factor is due to the issues of climate change. Majority of environmental as well as social scientist that cares about the world defines climate ch ange as the primary source of global risk since it could have severe impacts on the future generations. In addition, the general meaning of the term ‘climate change’ is defined as the change in regional or global climate patterns andRead MoreClimate Change And Its Impact On The Environment Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesWith the increasingly growing concern of climate change and its impact on the environment, it is reasonable to ask how the environment will affect Earth s living organisms, from the small to the big (Freitas et al., 2015). Fish are poikilothermic organisms, meaning their body temperature is susceptible to and easily influenced by external environmental changes. The metabolic rate, defined as the total chemical activity in an organism, also changes with body temperature (Pfluegl 2014). These factorsRead MoreThe Impact Of Climate Change In Australia And The Environment1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the agriculture business sector. However, there may be ad ditional information included to help support our findings. Presently the agriculture system is already struggling with the increased demand for food and renewable energy. Now with the climate change issues of temperature increases, raised sea levels, the issues of water scarcity, pollution, and soil degradation are also now playing a large factor in today’s struggles. Small differences in weather or more specifically temperature can affectRead MoreThe Impact Of Climate Change On The Health And Welfare Of People And The Environment2203 Words   |  9 PagesClimate change. A phrase that encompasses a vast wealth of information, the totality of which is difficult to fathom let alone concisely elaborate upon in a condensed format such as a course or writing assignment. Through this course, the interconnectedness with which humans influence the balance of climate change is abundantly clear. Ecosystems plants and animals depend on are all connected and influencing one another bu t these scales are imbalanced, mostly as a result of human activities. TheRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Impact of Climate Change on the Environment2327 Words   |  10 Pagesplace, country, city, region has its own climate. Climate plays one of the important roles in people’s life. Climate is defined as the average weather, which means variety of weather conditions as rain, snow, hail, sun, and wind over period of time about 30 years that can be measured in any particular place.( IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001; editor:A.P.Baede) Climate change is a variation of average weather. There are 2 causes of climate change. The first is human activity which includesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Food Production1718 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of climate change is Queensland (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). Queensland has one of the world’s highest rates of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, which has only c ontinued to increase over the last decade (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). The last decade was the warmest recorded in Queensland’s history, with temperatures being 0.58 degrees Celcius higher than the average for the past four decades (Queensland Climate Change CentreRead MoreThe Impact of International Tourism on Global Environmental Change1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction International tourism can now be recognised as one of the biggest contributing sectors for many countries’ GDP. Moreover, it has transformed them in many aspects such as economic, socio-culture, and environment. International tourism involves activity of inbound and outbound tourist of a country and resident or non-resident visitors within the country (World Tourism Organisation 2014). The World Tourism Organisation has predicted the growth of tourism activities to increase by an averageRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Climate Change957 Words   |  4 Pages If the issue of global climate change is not addressed properly, it will create enormous economic challenges that will create huge price tags on the global economy; that is why we need to give much attention by proposing international policy because it will bolster cooperation between countries and international organizations by formulating policies for the general good of society. Climate change plays a key role in our day to day activities. The changes in climate will affect our movement, healthRead MoreEducation of the Environment1358 Words   |  6 Pagesrun researching climate change and the affects of those changes are becoming increasing evident as time passes. These changes are being observed in every aspect of the environment whether that includes water sources, farmland, or even human lives itself. The issues related with a changing climate are continually becoming more important within the everyday life of Americans, but with that also comes the critics that are under the assumption that it is all a hoax and that the changes experienced are

As good as it gets free essay sample

I am going to be assessing and diagnosing Melvin Udall form the film As Good As It Gets. He displays multiple patterns of behavior, and symptoms, which indicate the presence of a psychopathology. His recurrent behaviors and actions along with being pessimistic and sarcastic to everyone around him make his life in general, ability to form relationships, and ability to function in society nearly impossible or difficult. He complains of being tired and not feeling like himself, as well as disclosing that his father also had spells of isolation. The onset is unknown and he refuses to take the medication prescribed by Dr. Green. Melvin has an Axis I disorder. Axis I disorders consist of clinical disorders and learning and development disorders. Melvin suffers from OCD which falls under the category of anxiety disorders (300. 3). He receives this diagnosis due to his avoidance of sidewalk cracks, germ phobia, rituals, and obsessions along with compulsions; which include checking, ordering, and cleanliness. We will write a custom essay sample on As good as it gets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Axis two OCPD There appears to be no characteristic that would fall under Axis III criterion, which include medical and or physical conditions or disorders. Axis IV involves factors that affect the current disorder and the treatment outcomes. In Melvin’s case he has strained relationships along with homophobia. He is also anti-Semitic, and has no social support. Melvin deals with multiple stressors mostly caused by his compulsions. He is lonely and dislikes the neighbors he does have. His therapist also turns his away, which defers him from seeking help. At first I thought that Melvin may have OCPD because he was orderly, and wanted things to be perfect, while also focusing on lists, and interpersonal control. He was also very miserable and in denial about his problem, which are factors in OCPD. But I ruled this out because it didn’t interfere with actually doing the tasks at hand, nor does OCPD necessarily focus on the obsessions and compulsions relating to fear, but as a way to improve effectiveness. In Melvin’s case, he wasn’t fixated on effectiveness more on avoidance hence why I ruled out OCPD. He was also only miserable because people didn’t understand him nor was he receiving therapy or on the medication to help with the disorder. And as for the denial, I believe he changed his denial when Verdell started to act the same way he did by not stepping on cracks, thus opening his eyes to the problem. Then I thought that he may have Narcissistic Personality Disorder because he has a lack of empathy, is arrogant and also has a strong sense of entitlement but I ruled this out because he does not meet five of the diagnostic criteria nor would it explain his other actions. Overall his actions most closely fit that for the diagnostic criteria of obsessive compulsive disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapists focus on how we think and how those thoughts affect what we do. The cognitive side looks at how thoughts are misinterpreted, while the behavioral looks at the relationship between fear and the stimulus. Cognitive therapist believe that people with OCD exaggerate the importance of their thoughts and respond to them as threats, which cause the person distress and anxiety. Because they fear their thoughts they attempt to neutralize the anxiousness by avoiding the possible threats or by engaging in rituals that they believe reduce the anxiety; behavioral side. Cognitive behavioral therapists state that as long as the person views these thoughts as harmful, they will continue to practice avoidance or the rituals until they are taught that the thoughts are not as harmful as they perceive them to be. Some other thought processes, besides fear or danger, that occur with OCD clients are exaggerated responsibility, thought of perfection, and the belief that some ritual or though can cause good luck. Cognitive behavioral therapy is proven to be an effective way to treat obsessive compulsive disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapists focus on problems occurring in the present versus problems earlier in development and or unconscious processes. The therapists act as couches that help change the way the client thinks and acts by educating them on the realities of the issue at hand. Cognitive behavioral therapists focus on an intervention versus a treatment when it comes to treating OCD. The intervention is called â€Å"exposure and response prevention,† or ERP. With this type of therapy the client is exposed to the stimulus that makes them anxious, and then attempts to stop themselves from engaging in those behaviors that they believe relieve the anxiety. This reinforces the idea that the behavior that the person believes is lessoning the anxiousness is just temporary causing a feeling of relief that will shortly subside. This therapy works by inducing the body’s natural process of habituation, or tolerance to the stimulus. ERP has to be a choice and commitment because the client must go through lengthy trials of exposure until the desensitization occurs. I completely agree with the cognitive behavioral approach. Thought goes hand in hand with behavior, so if our thoughts are distorted our behaviors will also be abnormal. I also agree with the objective behind ERP. The only way to change the thought process is to become educated on the topic at hand. Which in the case of OCD it has to be experienced for the client to believe that the fear and anxiousness they feel is actually unnecessary. In the film, As Good As It Gets, I do believe that obsessive compulsive disorder, as well as mental illnesses in general, was respectfully presented. Nothing they had the actors do was disrespectful to those with the disorder or with an illness in general. Most of the material presented was accurate in relation to OCD. The film showed the compulsions of the disorder correctly by having Melvin lock/unlock the locks on the door five times each, while also having him turn the lights on and off multiple times when entering and leaving a room. At this point in the movie it shows the frustration of having to do the rituals and the frustration of losing count. It also showed him using a different bar of soap for every time he washed his hands under scolding water and avoiding physical contact with others, while also bringing his own silver wear to eat, and not using his hands to open or close doors; thus imposing that he believes germs are harmful in some way. He also avoided all cracks in the ground and was very orderly when it came to the stuff in his apartment such as cd’s and room decor, even all his books were color coded by paper. Another ritual the movie focused around was the fact that he had to eat a certain restaurant at a certain table during a certain time with the same waitress. This showed the need for certainty and ritual. The movie also does an accurate display of the impact of the OCD by showing his inability to form relationships, and the fact that he has a negative outlook about life. Also, the fact that Melvin denies that he has a problem even though he was diagnosed also shows the denial many people with not only OCD, but with mental illnesses in general face. Although the movie shows many correct displays of OCD it also shows some that aren’t as accurate. An example of this would be the therapist he attempts to go and see, turns him away. This could be discouraging to those who want to get help. Another would be the fact that it only spoke twice of the â€Å"pill† he was on to help with the OCD; the movie wants the audience to believe that having the relationship with Carol and Verdell is what helps him with his compulsions. Overall the movie did a great job at showing the disadvantages/struggles of those with OCD.